Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, researchers have gained unprecedented access to archives on the history of Ukrainian lands, in particular for the twentieth century, but also earlier periods. Significant research and writing has been produced over the past two decades—in Ukraine, Europe, North America, and Israel—on controversial topics that were either suppressed or misrepresented in Soviet historiography, or which had been treated earlier on the basis of limited sources or narrow perspectives. The aim of the proposed roundtable is to provide an overview of key research findings presented in recent publications, which contribute to our understanding of debated or previously under-researched topics relating to the history of Jews on Ukrainian lands and Ukrainian-Jewish relations.