Acute Otitis Media Guidelines in Selected Developed and Developing Countries: Uniformity and Diversity

Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood disease, with an enormous economic and healthcare-related burden. Guidelines and consensus papers for AOM diagnosis and management were published in many countries. Our objective was to study the differences and similarities between these protocols in developing and developed countries.

Methods: The key-words: `acute otitis media` AND `children` AND [`treatment` or `management`] AND [`guideline` or `consensus`] were used in various electronic databases between 1/1/1989 through 12/31/2015. Overall, 99 sources from 62 countries were retrieved: 53 from 22 developed countries, and 46 from 40 developing countries. Representative guidelines from America (USA, Argentina), Europe (Italy, Moldova), Africa (South Africa, Tanzania, Ethiopia), Asia (Japan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka), and Oceania (South Australia, Fiji) were compared.

Results: Paediatric societies publish guidelines in most developed countries; in developing countries, the Ministry of Health usually initiates guideline formulation. Most guidelines use the same diagnostic criteria, and offer watchful waiting in mild-moderate scenarios. Amoxicillin is the suggested first-line antibiotic, whereas options for second- and third-line therapies vary. Duration of therapy varies, and is usually age-dependent: 5-7 days for children 2 yrs in developed countries, while duration and age-groups vary greatly in developing countries. Reduction of AOM risk factors is encouraged in developed countries, but rarely in developing countries.

Conclusion: Guidelines for AOM from developing and developed countries are similar in many aspects, with variation in specific recommendations, due to local epidemiology and healthcare accessibility. Formulation of regional guidelines may help reducing AOM burden.