How Genomics Will Make an Impact on Otology and Audiology

Genomics has made a remarkable transition in recent years. While in its original definition, the genome includes the complete set of genes in an organism, the field has gone beyond merely the DNA sequence of genes, to encompass non-coding sequences and epigenetic modifications, together contributing to the fine tuning of gene expression and regulation. Non-coding sequences, such as long non-coding RNAs, and epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, provide an example for different levels of gene regulation. For otology and audiology, past efforts have defined hundreds of genes, and the mechanisms their proteins confer on the cell, for the peripheral and central auditory systems. This research allowed scientists and clinicians to identify genetic variants that lead to hearing loss, facilitating diagnosis and genetic counseling for patients. Current and future research will explain more unsolved hearing loss cases, as well as shed light on the physiology of the inner ear. Finally, comprehensive understanding of the genetics of hearing will provide opportunities for developing therapeutic strategies, such as gene delivery or genome editing.