Future Directions in the Study of the Genetic Basis of Sport and Exercise

The discussion regarding what makes certain individuals excel in their respective fields (sports, music, art, science) has occupied the minds of scientists for a long time. The argument surrounding the infamous question (Nature vs. Nurture) is still very much relevant, all the more so in light of the data accumulated during recent years in the field of genetic research. Athletic capabilities that lead to outstanding performances in various sports are influenced by several physiological attributes (heartbeat, efficient use of oxygen) motoric abilities (reaction time) psychological traits (motivation) and environmental factors (training, nutrition, paternal support) and from complex interactions between all of the above. Many have pondered what defines the roles of genetics and environment in regards to producing elite athletes. Studies of twins and of families show that the genetic component in many physical attributes such as height, strength, aerobic capabilities, motor performance, and motivation amounts to 30%-80%. However, the correct identification of genetic differences, which correlate outstanding physical performance, is complex and difficult, mainly because the aforementioned traits are influenced by numerous genes, as well as the athlete`s environment. As of now, more than 200 different genes are currently recognized as directly relating to athletic capabilities and performance, with thousands of genetic polymorphisms. `Correct` genetics is crucial to the aspiring athlete. That being said, correct genetics without correct nutrition and proper exercise will amount to nothing, meaning that elite athletic performances are clear indicators of a correct amalgamation between genetics and environmental factors. Our current understanding of the role of genetics and exercise is limited primarily to the nuclear genome, while only a limited focus has been given to gene-environment interactions and their effects on trainability and performance. Therefore, thorough research of the genetic factor and of environmental/genetic relations in regards to athletic performance, will contribute to a broader understanding of intricate procedures which indirectly influence athletic achievements, and allow for the allocation of effort towards developing the factors which are indeed influenced by the environment, as well as the development of personalized means which will allow the athlete to maximize his potential.