The Optimal Kinematic Modeling of the Stalder Backward to Handstand on the Uneven Bars Technique – A Case Study

Background: A successful routine for competitors in artistic gymnastics consists of the most complex coordination elements and their successful execution. Biomechanical analysis of the movement is well suited to describe, develop and improve technique. Although many variables influence success, biomechanical considerations as reflected in correct or incorrect technique are crucial. The kinematic analysis of a certain kind of movement in artistic gymnastics is necessary for the rational and economical process of analyzed movement.

Aims: To define the optimal kinematic parameters of the selected exercise Stalder backward to handstand on the uneven bars, which was performed at the 39th World Cup in Artistic Gymnastics in Maribor (SLO). The kinematic model of the performance of the Stalder backward exercise is a case study with an optimal definition of kinematic parameters.

Methods: Kinematic parameters were determined by the APAS 3-D video system, using 16 anthropometric reference points and four body segments. The research sample consisted of eight female gymnasts who participated in the Finals and performed 10 Stalder backward exercises. The sample of measuring instruments that we used consisted of a set of kinematic parameters which were calculated on the basis of the anthropometric model (foot, center of gravity, shoulder joint and head). The center of gravity of the body was calculated based on the model presented by Winer.

Results: The results of the research defined the kinematic exercise model, which requires four phases: 1) Upswing from a handstand position to balance the resistance front; 2) Downswing to upswing with clear support; 3) Lower vertical passing; 4) Swing to a handstand position.

Discussion: Phase I begins from a handstand position and ends at the moment in the upfront position, in the 8th position when shoulder deviation reaches the maximum forward position. Most competitors end this phase in the 4th to 8th position. Phase II starts with the movement of the shoulder point from the reverse to the back, and lasts until the lower vertical line passes. Competitors at this phase end between the 36th and 47th positions. Phase III begins when the shoulder points pass through the lower vertical, and lasts until the moment of the start of the flow. This phase ends between the 52nd and 60th position. The IV phase begins with the overleap of the bar and continues with the further extension of the arm, the shoulder joint and the adduction in the wrist to reach the handstand position.

Conclusion: Optimizing the technique of successful performance is important for detecting different technique styles that used by female gymnasts. Results of this case study could optimize the performance of other young gymnasts at all levels of performance.