The Three Facets of National Identity: Identity Dynamics and Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in Russia

We use cross-sectional data from 1995, 2003, and 2013 ISSP National Identity module to assess the dynamics of three facets of national identity in Russia, namely nationalism, political patriotism, and cultural patriotism, and their effects on anti-immigrant attitudes. First, our findings support the theoretical distinction between the facets of national identity: nationalism is strongly linked to anti-immigrant attitudes, political patriotism is linked to more positive attitudes, and cultural patriotism is largely unrelated to attitudes towards immigrants. Second, this pattern of associations remains mainly stable in the studied timeframe. Finally, we find nationalism, political patriotism, and anti-immigrant attitudes increasing over time.