Main Transisthmian Projects Proposed for the Chagres Route in Panama, from the Spanish Colony to the American Canal

The location, number, size and height of the navigation locks in the Panama Canal, was fixed after considering many possible solutions, in an immense effort which included explorations, studies and even construction failures. Many variables needed to be considered, including excavation volume, lake volume, the local geology, construction and operation costs, navigation safety and water management. Based on historical documentation, general information on the main projects proposed for a crossing in the Panamanian isthmus is presented. This paper shows the main contributions for an interoceanic canal in the Chagres route in Panama, which were made by Spanish, German, English, Colombian, French and American engineers, scientists and explorers. The projects are presented in their historical background, including other interesting developments, such as a failed Scottish colony in Panama, in order to give a feel for the rich history of the investigations related to an interoceanic canal in Panama.