Children and Youth in Out-Of-Home Care: What Can Predict an Initial Change in Placement?

Background: A significant proportion of children placed in out-of-home care experience placement disruptions in the United States. Placement instability has deleterious effects on children’s well-being. Objectives: (a) To measure the time-to-initial placement change in different types of settings, including non-relative foster homes, kinship care, residential treatment centers (RTC), group homes and other types of settings; and (b) to identify predictors of the initial placement change.

Participants and Setting: Data were obtained from the State Automated Child Welfare Information System operated by the child welfare agency in a Mid-Atlantic state. The sample included 4,177 children who entered into the foster care and were followed over three years.

Method: Descriptive, bivariate, and survival Cox regression models were conducted.

Results: More than half (53%) of the children had experienced placement change within 3 years. The mean length for an initial change in placement was longer for children in RTC and kinship care compared to children in foster and group homes, and other placements (χ2 = 322.31, p < 0.001). Several factors significantly increased the likelihood of an initial change, including: older children (p < 0.001, HR = 1.01), children with behavioral problems (p < 0.001, HR =1.26), parental substance abuse (p < 0.05, HR = 1.12), and cases in which the parents voluntarily gave up their parental rights (p < 0.05, HR = 1.12). The type of placement also increased the risk for placement change.

Conclusions: Providing early interventions and services to these children and their families is essential to increase placement stability.