Physical Activity and Mental Health

Background: Physical activity is a major health behavior strongly recommended for the prevention and treatment of several non-communicable diseases. The evidence concerning mental health effects is extensive, but still growing. Associations are clear, but more needs to be known about clinical effectiveness for some population groups and conditions.

Aims: To examine the current knowledge regarding physical activity and mental health and to review recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this population.

Methods: A cross-search was conducted in five databases, using the following keywords: physical activity and exercise. Each of these keywords was cross-referenced with mental health. Twelve suitable articles complying with the criteria were chosen.

Results: Physical activity and exercise improves mental health by reducing anxiety, depression and negative mood and by improving self-esteem and cognitive function. Exercise has also been found to alleviate symptoms such as low self-esteem and social withdrawal. Aerobic exercise including jogging, swimming, cycling, walking and dancing have been proven to reduce anxiety and depression. Physical activity is especially important in patients with schizophrenia, since these patients are already vulnerable to obesity and also because of the additional risk of weight gain associated with antipsychotic treatment.

Conclusion: There is a growing body of evidence that supports the use of exercise and sporting activities in the treatment of mental health problems. However, the evidence is variable due to the heterogeneity of intervention and patient factors, as well as poor-quality trials. There is a need for more robust trials and direct comparisons of exercise parameters to determine the optimal treatment program.