Evocation of the Temple in Medieval Worms: Architecture, Inscriptions, and Ritual Practice

Inscriptions upon medieval buildings provide information, such as the date or circumstances of foundation. At the same time they reveal some of the ideals and priorities of their founders. This paper looks at long Hebrew foundation inscriptions from the city of Worms in Germany`s Rhineland region that commemorate the building of the local synagogue in 1034, a renovation of it in 1174/5 and the foundation of the mikveh (Jewish ritual bath) in 1185/6. A close analysis of the three inscriptions reveals insights regarding the hopes and values of the Jewish community using models connected to the Temple, past and future. This was achieved not only through the texts but in three complementary ways: through architecture, by biblical quotes within the inscriptions and by means of evocative ritual practice. By quoting biblical passages that describe it, all three inscriptions overlapped the local monuments with Solomon’s Temple. In parallel the physical placement of the inscriptions on the monument parts also underscored a visual parallel between the edifices. For example two columns within the synagogue are equated visually and through the inscription text with Yakhin and Boaz (referenced by a quote from 1 Kings 7:41). The Worms synagogue court is equated with the Temple courts through textual reference (Psalm 84:3), through architectural parallel and, to an extent by evocative use. Some documented local ritual practices surrounding the mikveh (at some points along the liturgical calendar) can also be connected with evocation of the lost Jerusalem. This type of architectural and liturgical connection is interrogated in the paper not only in the internal Jewish context but also in light of some comparable Christian evocations in the same city.