Jewish–Karaite–Muslim Relation in Ukraine during Nazi Occupation (1941–1944)

The historiography of the fate of the Karaites of Eastern Europe during the Nazi occupation is quite extensive . At the same time, many issues on what happened to the Karaite population in many areas of Nazi-occupied Ukraine at the local level have not been reflected in scientific, popular science and journalistic texts. It is known that in some regions Nazi occupied of USSR the Karaites were shot together with the Ashkenazi Jews, like, for example, it happened in Krasnodar . In some other locations, for example, in most places in the Crimea, the Germans and their allies did not touch the Karaite population . In addition, even in complex studies devoted to the occupation of certain regions of Ukraine in 1941-1944 not a word is mentioned about the fate of the Karaites . What was the specificity of the German policy towards the Karaites in different regions of Ukraine (Galicia, Volyn, Crimea, the center and east of the republic)? Did the Germans and their allies pursue them? What was the “legal” basis in the process of implementing the “Karaite policy” in Ukraine during the German occupation? What was the specificity of the Nazi policy towards the Karaites in Ukraine and in different regions of Russia, Poland and Lithuania? In the scientific literature, the issue of the attitude of the OUN (b) and OUN (m) to the Ashkenazi Jews in Ukraine is being actively studied . At the same time, the attitude of various groups of Ukrainian right-wing radicals towards the Karaites remains unexplored. What was the attitude of Bandera and Mel’nyk followers towards the Karaites in 1941-1942, as they controlled the self-government and the police in different regions for a long time? What was the attitude of the Ukrainian partisans to the Karaite population in 1943-1944? During the occupation the Tatar-Muslim population lived in Kharkiv, Donbas, Volyn. It is still unknown what the relationship between the Tatar (Muslim) and Karaite communities in 1941-1943 was in these regions.